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Added:
3 years ago
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is an essential regulatory component of cardiovascular homeostasis that exerts its actions through hormones, angiotensin II and aldosterone, which regulate vascular tone and blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and renal sodium and water retention.1 Abnormalities in cardiac function in heart failure (HF) activate the RAAS and sympathetic…
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Added:
3 years ago
Heart failure (HF) affects 1–2% of the population in developed countries and absorbs a significant amount of human and economic resources.1,2 HF is a complex syndrome characterised by a spectrum of symptoms and phenotypes: HF with preserved ejection fraction, HF with mid-range ejection fraction and HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).3 Differentiating patients according to left ventricular…
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Hyperkalaemia in Heart Failure
Added:
2 years ago
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